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Epilepsy: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

    Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease characterized mainly by seizures. To understand how seizures occur, it is necessary to clarify the normal function of the brain. Thus, neural cells communicate with each other through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. During seizures, the discharges produced are spontaneous, which jeopardizes the natural electrical activity of the nerves, which causes involuntary movements of various body segments or strange sensations throughout the body.
    About 50 million people (4-10 per 1,000 inhabitants) worldwide suffer from epilepsy. Epileptic disease can occur at any age, but the onset is more common in the age range from 10 to 55 years. At the same time, there is the concept of epileptic syndromes, which usually occur in certain age groups, many of which affect children.

    WHO estimates that 2.4 million people will be diagnosed with epilepsy annually. Unfortunately, about diagnosed people living in developing countries do not receive adequate treatment.

    There are several types of epilepsy, which range from the most severe, capable of endangering human life, to benign forms of this condition.

    In more than 50% of cases, the causes of seizures are unknown. In addition, any brain injury can lead to impaired brain function, which can cause seizures.
    For this reason, two categories of epileptic seizures are known: idiopathic or primary and symptomatic or secondary. Idiopathic seizures are characterized by the absence of an obvious cause that could lead to epilepsy. However, studies have shown that the disease can occur in the family, which has raised suspicions about the possibility of inheritance of epilepsy.

    Symptomatic or secondary epilepsy occurs in a large number of conditions:
    - cerebrovascular diseases: subarachnoid hemorrhage or stroke;
    - brain tumors;
    - serious traumatic brain injuries;
    - cerebral palsy;
    - mental disorders;
    - drug or alcohol abuse;
    - infections that can cause brain damage (for example, meningitis or encephalitis);
    - birth complications that can deprive the brain of oxygen (pinching of the umbilical cord or excessive compression at birth);
    - brain development disorders;
    - genetic conditions such as Down syndrome;
    - degenerative diseases of the brain (for example, late-stage Alzheimer's disease).

    As for the frequency of occurrence of each type of epilepsy, it is known that primary forms are more common in childhood, and secondary forms are more common in adults, especially over the age of 60.

    As for seizure triggers, this category includes:
    - stress;
    - lack of sleep;
    - alcohol consumption;
    - illegal drugs or drugs;
    - menstrual cycle;
    - Flashing light (photosensitivity).

    The main symptom of epilepsy is repeated seizures. Depending on the affected area of the brain, there are several types of seizures, but most people have only one pattern. Seizures can occur both in the waking state and in the sleeping state.

    The duration of the seizure varies from a few seconds to several minutes.

    Simple partial seizures are characterized by the fact that a person remains conscious all the time. Symptoms during a partial seizure include:
    - a strange general sensation that is difficult to describe;
    - a strange feeling in the stomach;
    - feeling of deja vu;
    - the impression of a strange taste or smell;
    - tingling in the legs or arms;
    - a sudden and intense feeling of fear or joy;
    - muscle contracture or paralysis of one part of the body.

    Complex partial seizures are characterized by loss of consciousness and amnesia of the event after the crisis.

    As for diagnostic methods, electroencephalogram (EEG) and MRI are considered fundamental for determining the presence of the disease. The role of an electroencephalogram is to measure brain activity by attaching electrodes to the skin of the skull. The study can be performed in a state of wakefulness, sleep, or arousal (hyperventilation, sleep deprivation, flashing lights). The role of MRI is to detect the presence of brain structural abnormalities or brain tumors.

    Epilepsy is often an incurable disease. For this reason, treatment of epilepsy is limited to seizure control through medication, surgery, or diet.


    For 70% of patients, first-line treatment is with antiepileptic drugs. In some cases, treatment should be started immediately after the first crisis.:
    - if an MRI scan suggests brain damage;
    - electroencephalogram indicates epileptogenic changes;
    - the presence of a condition that disrupts brain activity (for example, stroke) is detected. In today's digital landscape, ensuring the safety and security of player information is paramount. When you use a برومو كود 1xbet that guarantees 100% bonus up to $130 or €1950 with 150 free spins, you can rest assured that your transactions are protected by state-of-the-art encryption technology. The platform holds a valid license from a reputable regulatory authority, ensuring fair play and adherence to international standards. Responsible gambling features, such as deposit limits, self-exclusion, and reality checks, are readily available, promoting a safe and controlled betting environment.

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