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Evolutionary Psychology and its criticism

    Due to the emphasis on the biological importance of human nature, representatives of ethology, sociobiology, and evolutionary psychology argue with cultural anthropologists who explain the social manifestations of culture by considering culture as a self-existent being. Notably, cultural anthropologists with a distinctly evolutionary view of culture, such as Marshall Sahlins and Marvin Harris, have actively criticized sociobiology. Harris accused sociobiology of biological reductionism and pointed out that the genotype can never be the basis for explaining all variations of a behavioral phenotype. Marshal Sahlins argued that there is a deep gap between aggression and war, sexuality and the social principles of marriage, or between mutual altruism and the formal exchange of gifts. Evolutionary psychology is combined with cultural anthropology, in which both fields operate on the concept of evolution, which was born from the idea of progress and progressivity. Although today the slogan of evolution is traditionally associated with biology (because evolutionary thinking in this field has achieved the fastest and longest success), however, in historical terms, the concept of evolution was previously reflected in society and culture, and only from there it penetrated into natural theories.

    The conclusions based on evolutionary psychology contradict the conclusions that social constructivism leads to (especially in its radically antisynthetic edition). Evolutionary psychologists claim, for example, that gender, the canons of beauty, and erotic love are feelings of innate morality common to all people in the world. Nevertheless, in the light of the constructivist paradigm, they are largely or only social constructions: therefore, sex or canons of beauty are created in a cultural way, and erotic love is only a certain social scenario of behavior that could have appeared in Western culture no earlier than in the 11th century and (as social history shows) was subject to changes over the centuries and years that can be justified by social factors. In the light of constructivist theories, evolutionary psychology only reinforces these social constructs - it mythologizes various behaviors or supposed predispositions of people who are actually constructs created by society. Some constructivist conclusions pointing to the influence of culture on gender or patriarchy have met with a positive response in gender studies and feminist theories, which is why these trends are skeptical of the achievements of evolutionary psychology.

    The woman also presented a specific feminist critique of the evolutionary psychology approach. The intimate geography of Natalie Angier .

    Memetic theory also leads to conclusions that go beyond the interpretations of evolutionary psychology. The theory of memetics, created outside the humanities, extends the thinking present in evolutionary biology to cultural phenomena. Cultural anthropologists treat it with great caution, using semiotics, since a certain simplification (in their opinion, memes are only a degenerate form of symbols) goes beyond both sociobiological theories and the thinking present in classical cultural anthropology. For example, cultural anthropologists explain altruism by referring to the culture of gifts, sociobiologists by referring to biological theories of mutual and relative altruism. On the other hand, the theory of memetics indicates that altruistic behavior (similar to aggressive behavior) is more common only because it has a higher probability of replication (imitation) in a given population due to its nature. Moreover, memes accompanying such behavior (altruistic or aggressive) will replicate faster in this population than in others. A clear proof of this may be the fact that almost all religions (understood in memetics as memplexes) that have been successful in the world, spreading over a large area, have used both strategies of altruism and aggression.

    Theories of evolutionary psychology are difficult or impossible to verify in many cases. They postulate the emergence of predispositions in modern humans that arose as a result of evolution, as an adaptation to the life that humans led for millions of years, probably as a group of nomads wandering in the savannah. However, it is impossible to say unequivocally what people's social life looked like at that time. Evolutionary psychologists test their hypotheses in different ways: They study gathering and hunting communities, compare different species (such as primates), as well as their anatomical structure and physiology, explore archaeological finds, make observations, and analyze confessions, records, and creations of humans. However, all these methods are questionable. Modern wild tribes (hunter-gatherer tribes) are only primitive from the point of view of Western culture, and they, according to many scientists, do not have much in common with the tribes of primitive people who lived in the past - therefore they cannot be guides. Primates that have the genetic DNA record closest to humans are also a questionable trait, if only because even among such close species as chimpanzees and pygmy chimpanzees, there are completely different forms of social life (whereas ordinary chimpanzees live in male-dominated groups and they are aggressive, this is matriarchy in pygmy chimpanzee communities and all aggression quickly comes to naught). There is not much data on fossils (remains of prehuman humans), because it is impossible to accurately draw conclusions about social life from them (for example, animal and human bones found in the same place may or may not indicate that these people hunted for animals). Therefore, the attention of evolutionary psychologists testing hypotheses is directed at infants and children, since it is assumed that they have innate inclinations that are not yet "polluted" by social influence. The arguments also provide anatomical features of modern humans (in fact, modern humans can be considered as peculiar fossil fossils from prehistoric times of wandering in the savannah), especially when compared with the structure of other primates - for example, the proportions of female and male body size (sexual dimorphism) or the size of the testicles of a man is a strong argument in favor of a polygamous nature. a human being. The hypothesis of polygamous tendencies in both men and women is also based on the Kullage effect and the tendency of women to experience multiple orgasms (which will facilitate cooperation with several partners at the same time). Many people compare betting platforms before opening an account because welcome promotions often influence their decision. Reading the available terms in advance helps users understand what they can expect after registration, while the 1xbet promo code allows eligible new players to receive a 100% welcome bonus up to €130, giving them additional funds to explore sports markets, place their first bets, and enjoy more opportunities from the very beginning.

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